U.S. District Judge Eldon Fallon of New Orleans, who is overseeing thousands of consolidated federal lawsuits over Vioxx, ruled that Merck could depose a current editor and former editor of the New England Journal of Medicine, which last month criticized drug maker Merck & Co. for withholding data from a published study on its withdrawn painkiller Vioxx.

The depositions are to center on a December editorial in the journal that said Merck concealed three heart attacks suffered by patients in a large study published in the journal in November 2000. Merck has said those heart attacks happened after the study’s cut-off date for side effects, but journal editors say such data is routinely added until a study’s publication.

“The court should prohibit Merck from engaging in these retaliatory tactics because they run afoul of the protection journalists enjoy under the First Amendment,” an attorney for the NEJM wrote in a motion seeking to block the subpoenas.

What happened to the NEJM’s call for full disclosure and transparency?

The Wall Street Journal reports on Pfizer’s battle against Chinese counterfeiters who make and ship copies of its medicines, such as Viagra™ and Lipitor™. The story shows how active Pfizer is in counteracting this activity (which I trust we all agree is harmful to human welfare). It also reports on other examples of counterfeiting, such as a Chinese copy of a General Motors automobile, which the Chinese government does not altogether appear committed to stamping out.

Now, I know that “friends don’t let friends drive Chevrolets”, as the bumper sticker on many a Ford or Toyota pick-up reads, but (all kidding aside), if the U.S. government decided to make it illegal for GM to manage how it manufactures and sells its cars worldwide, you would have no idea whether you were driving a real GM car or a Chinese knock-off with dodgy brakes, fatigued metal in the frame, and seat belts that were just stapled behind the fabric. Plus, GM would quickly learn that it doesn’t pay to invest in new automotive technology because the U.S. government would just let foreigners steal it. That’s why the U.S. government is supporting GM in its Chinese legal battles against these counterfeiters, according to the article.

On the other hand, if Chinese companies want to develop their own automotive brands and sell them to Americans, they are free to do so. In fact, in January 2005, Malcolm Bricklin, a well-known automotive entrepreneur who imported Yugos years ago, announced plans to import Chery cars, a major Chinese brand, to the U.S. starting in 2007. Far from preventing this international free trade, U.S. law will protect Chery’s trademark and patents just like it protects GM’s.

Now, I would guess that it is many times harder to ship fake cars into the U.S. than fake pills, but the same legal framework, incentives, and dangers arise. So, it does not make sense that some U.S. politicians, lately even California’s Governor Szchwarzenegger, have decided that they do not like international free trade that respects intellectual property and outlaws piracy, but prefer to allow counterfeiters send their fake pills into the U.S. unchecked, via what is disingenuously labeled “drug importation”.

Ref.:

Zamiska, N., & H.W. Tesoriero. 2006. “As Pfizer Battles Fakes in China, Nation’s Police Are Uneasy Allies,” Wall Street Journal, January 24: A1

Caremark, one of the nation’s largest pharmaceutical mail-order companies agreed to pay $500,000 to settle a state regulatory investigation into its practice of restocking unopened prescription drugs, Illinois officials confirmed Friday.

The developments come more than a year after Attorney General Lisa Madigan’s office had launched an investigation into whether Caremark routinely and illegally sold drugs that had been returned by other customers. That investigation is ongoing, sources close to the investigation said.

Illinois officials have said reselling prescription drugs is allowed under very limited circumstances, typically when the drugs have not left the supervision of trained medical staffers, because the products may be tampered with or damaged.

So here’s the question: Why is it illegal when Caremark does it, but not illegal when the same dangerous behavior is pro forma with the foreign Internet pharmacies so beloved by Illinois Governor “Wrong Way” Rod Blagojevich?

When is illegal not illegal? Unfortunately, it seems that the answer is “when it’s covenient.”

Here is the house editorial from today’s Washington Times …

New FDA rules

The Food and Drug Administration this week took sensible steps toward 21st-century medicine by requiring that prescription-drug package inserts be more readable and less threatening. Drug companies initially wanted to keep the current mumbo-jumbo of chemistry and legalese for fear of lawsuits.

But the FDA persisted, maintaining reasonably and courageously — particularly in this era when a single senator from Iowa knows he can spuriously trash the agency about heartworm medicine and get media coverage — that an FDA approval is not just a minimum standard of safety. It is an evaluation, based upon the best science available or the relative risks and benefits of each medicine. Failure to clearly convey both aspects of a medicine could “discourage appropriate use of a beneficial drug.” Further, the FDA signaled that the package insert is a temporary method for providing consumers and doctors information, in an era when new insights into the best use of medicines are now being revealed through the use of genetic tests and post-market studies analyzing genetic variations in drug response. (The labeling information will be updated daily for free at the National Library of Medicine at http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov.)

Finally, the FDA makes clear that it will assert its authority defended vigorously by the Clinton administration and upheld by several circuit and appellate courts — as the ultimate authority about what makes a medicine safe and effective. Too often trial lawyers seeking to make a quick buck at the expense of an individual who unfortunately suffered from a side effect of a medicine has sought to second-guess both the judgment of the FDA and safety warnings in an effort to obtain significant damages. The FDA serves notice that if there is going to be any “individualized reevaluation of the risks and benefits of a product” it will be as a result of new scientific information.

The agency will oppose any lawsuit that contends a jury or state law somehow has a reservoir of superior medical knowledge or authority for imposing additional safety standards beyond those required under FDA regulations.

Critics will claim that the FDA is often misled and it takes lawsuits to set things right. Yet all the lawsuits, as well as the grandstanding efforts of New York Attorney General Elliot Spitzer against the makers of Paxil, were based on clinical trial data from the FDA itself and from studies that were widely available.

The new FDA labeling rule will make information widely available in real time and link it to the label if need be, shedding light and advancing public health.

The folks at the Henry J. Kaiser Foundation must be getting desperate if they need to purposely misinterpret me. Here’s what they said …

Letter to Congress From Schwarzenegger Could Spur Action on Prescription Drug Reimportation, Some Observers Say

A letter California Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger (R) sent to Congress this month urging it to approve legislation legalizing the reimportation of medicines from abroad could lead to prescription drug legislation this year because of California’s “size and influence,” some experts say, the Christian Science Monitor reports. Peter Pitts — a former associate FDA commissioner and current vice president for health affairs at the public relations agency Manning, Selvage & Lee — said that Schwarzenegger’s letter is “really important” because it represents “an acknowledgement from the largest state (by population) in the Union that this issue is a federal one” that needs to be addressed by Congress and not at the state level. Schwarzenegger has vetoed four reimportation bills because he is “concerned that quick legislative fixes at the state level would be contrary to federal law and over-simplify the complex safety, trade, supply and pricing issues involved” (Wood, Christian Science Monitor, 1/18).

Boy is that reading the Christian Science Monitor with rose-colored glasses. The quote is accurate. I did say (and I do feel) that Governor Schwarzenegger’s statement that importation is a Federal issue is very important — but not because I support the idea of bringing in unsafe, unregulated, often counterfeit drugs — but rather because it sends a strong message to folks like Wrong-Way Rod Blagojevich and DC Comics Councilman David Catania that just because a state or local pol says foreign drugs are safe doesn’t make them so. That’s the FDA’s job. That’s what Arnold said. And that’s why it’s important.

Here’s a link to an article I penned in Sacramento’s Capitol Weekly. If I leave any room for doubt as to where I stand or what I think on this issue — please let me know.

Download file

I think that the people at Kaiser must have their pointy helmets on too tight.

The Wall Street Journal reports that an FDA reviewer has recommended against GlaxoSmithKline’s being allowed to sell its weight-loss drug, Xenical™, over-the-counter. The company wants to sell a less potent version of the prescription medicine. According to the reviewer, the resulting weight loss would be modest and “transient”. That is, “it would not afford any long-term benefit through a change in behavior….”. The drug also benefits blood pressure, lipids, and fasting glucose (according to the FDA).

I’m no scientist, but if the FDA is not going to allow a drug maker to sell an OTC obesity med until they identify a drug that can change people’s behavior, or reduce weight with zero chance of putting it on again, Americans will never have the range of choices they need to deal with their growing waistlines.

GlaxoSmithKline understands this. It plans to call the drug “Alli™”, as in, “allied” with diet and exercise. The marketing campaign will undoubtedly encourage people to use the drug along with lifestyle changes. What good would it do the company for people to take the pill, but not lose weight because they do not exercise or eat better? They will stop taking the pill and badmouth it to their friends.

The marketing campaign would surely also be more effective than government programs to combat obesity (as my colleague, Diana Ernst has addressed). Meanwhile, Americans have a plethora of dietary and herbal supplements targetted at obesity, but no OTC medical option.

Here is a better option: let the FDA recommend against OTC Alli™, but allow GlaxoSmithKline to sell it, including the FDA’s negative recommendation on the label. Then, let the patients decide.

Refs.:

Ernst, D. 2005. Obesity and the State: The Skinny on the War Against Fat, December (Health Policy Prescriptions). San Francisco, CA: Pacific Research Institute.

Dooren, J.C. 2006. “FDA Questions the Benefits of Over-the-Counter Xenical,” Wall Street Journal, January 20.

Professor Philip Romero of the University of Oregon, and economic advisor to former California Governor Pete Wilson, has just issued a damning report on the negative welfare consequences of normalizing the illegal diversion of prescription drugs into the U.S., as recently proposed by Governor Schwarzenegger. Basically, stripping away drug makers’ rights to enjoy the fruits of their own invention will deestroy investors’ willingness to risk their capital in California’s biotech industry. Up to 100,000 biotech jobs will be lost in the Golden State and $3 billion in economic growth. That’s a heck of a price to pay for a policy that won’t even result in lower-priced drugs in the long term!

The new physician-label rule announced yesterday by the FDA is certain be one of the most important health care stories of 2006. To quickly recap:

Revised for the first time in more than 25 years, the new format requires that the prescription information for new and recently approved products meet specific graphical requirements and includes the reorganization of critical information so physicians can find the information they need quickly. Some of the most significant changes include: A new section called Highlights to provide immediate access to the most important prescribing information about benefits and risks; A Table of Contents for easy reference to detailed safety and efficacy information; The date of initial product approval, making it easier to determine how long a product has been on the market; A toll-free number and Internet reporting information for suspected adverse events to encourage more widespread reporting of suspected side effects; A key-facts section that prompts doctors on what they should tell patients.

The other important piece of yesterday’s announcement is the rule’s preamble where the FDA restates its long-standing position (“long-standing” meaning that the agency has had the same position in both Republican and Democrat administrations) on Federal preemption (for more on this see the blog below with the header, “Quis Custodiet ipsos Custodes?”).

So we can, broadly speaking, divide the announcement into two parts, the label and the preamble. Here’s how some major media chose to use their words (literally):

Washington Post (Marc Kaufmann): 841 total words; 530 words on the preamble.

Los Angeles Times (Nick Timiraos): 583 total words; 236 words on the preamble.

Marc and Nick win the prize for most percentage of words focused on the political rather than the public health story. And they win BIG when you consider the rest of the sample:

New York Times (Gardiner Harris): 1002 total words; 246 words on the preamble.

Wall Street Journal (Heather Won Tesoriero & Anna Mathews): 1109 total words; 150 words on the preamble.

Chicago Tribune (Peter Gorner): 532 total words; 32 words on the preamble.

Associated Press (Andrew Bridges): 660 total words; 124 word on the preamble.

Draw what conclusions you will.

My vote for best story goes to the New York Times with special kudos to the Constant Gardiner.

I just attended (via phone) the FDA’s press conference on the long awaited physician-labeling rule. A few observations:

1- Clarity saves lives. According to the FDA, approximately 300,000 preventable adverse events occur in hospitals in this country, many as a result of confusing medical information. Research shows that prioritizing the warning information has a greater impact on reducing such events. Therefore, the new prescription label format provides the most important information about a prescription product in a format that is better understood, more easily accessible and more memorable for physicians.

2- We have hit a point of information overload. And as Surgeon General Carmona stated, “The problem is compounded by prescription medication information that reads more like legal disclaimers than useful or actionable health information.”

3- As Deputy Commissioner Janet Woodcock pointed out, the new label must be a tool to assist doctors in counseling their patients. To wit, a new section of the label designed specifically for this purpose.

4- The urgency of e-tizing. As Deputy Commissioner Gottlieb pointed out, being able to access label information that is up-to-date, user-friendly, and on-line will put the right information in the hands of the right people at the right time.

5- Media seems to have their eyes on the prize. Early news reports crossing the wire (particularly the AP story by Andrew Bridges) are getting the story right.

I’m still waiting to hear about Senator Grassley’s statement congratulating FDA on this announcement.

Phone lines are now open.

Are you sitting down?

Today’s edition of the Christian Science Monitor carries a 900+ word article on drug importation that’s … balanced!

A timely and thoughtful story on pharmaceuticals in this publication is important — and not because of it’s arcane theological irony. The Monitor has, generally, been on the sidelines of the drug importation issue and this, its first long piece on the topic, is balanced, comprehensive and timely. Quite the trifecta.

Here is a link to the entire article:

Download file

Some selected pull quotes to entice you to read the whole story …

“While prescription-drug costs in the US continue to grow at a faster rate than any other category of healthcare expenditure, he [Governor Schwarzenegger] said, residents of Canada, the European Union, and millions of others around the world pay less … because their governments impose price controls that effectively shift the financial burden of research and development to the US.”

“Schwarzenegger’s letter to Congress is a really important development because it is an acknowledgment from the largest state [by population] in the Union that this is a federal issue and one that needs to be dealt with by Congress rather than on the state level,” says Peter Pitts, a former associate commissioner at the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), now vice president for health affairs at the public relations agency Manning, Selvage & Lee.

“The consumer can’t be sure of what he is getting or from where, and there is no relationship with a pharmacist who can review the entire profile of drugs someone is taking,” says Brian Meyer, director of government affairs for the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists.

“Legalizing prescription-drug imports would cause drugmakers to raise prices abroad, not to lower them in the US, others note. John Graham, director of healthcare studies at the Pacific Research Institute in San Francisco, says such was the case with programs in Minnesota and Illinois.”

At a Christian Science Reading room near you.

The Wall Street Journal has disclosed an interesting way that research-based and generic companies are settling patent disputes. Rather than duking it out in court, the research-based company agrees to let the generic company compete after a certain number of years. For example, if a drug’s patent has 10 years to run, but a generic company alleges that the patent is invalid, the inventing company will agree to let the generic manufacturer compete in 5 years. Is this collusion or co-operation that benefits the public? I’d say the latter. It’s certainly better than what was (allegedly) happening before.

Patents on prescription drugs are handled a little differently than patents on mousetraps, because they involve the FDA and not just the courts. If a generic competitor can prove that a patent is invalid, the FDA gives that first generic competitor the exclusive right to sell it’s version for 6 months, before it licenses other generic competitors’ copies. This gives a generic competitor with a strong case an incentive to attack the weak patent, which it would not if it had to share the spoils with other generic manufacturers.

A while back, it was alleged that these generic competitors would then negotiate payoffs from the research-based competitors, in return for which they would promise actually not to launch their versions for some time. Obviously, this simply transferred wealth from one company to another, with no benefit to public welfare. When this came out, I thought that a good solution would be to require a generic first mover who earned such a license to start shipping its products within a short time of the FDA approval, or lose its exclusivity.

This new situation is better, because it saves money otherwise spent on litigation, reducing costs to both generic and brand-name competitors. Although not immediately apparent, these savings result in lower drug prices. (I promise!) Of course, whether the generic would have been able to sell its medicine tomorrow, instead of 5 years from now, will never be known - nor whether it would have lost and been forced to wait for 10 years.

Although there are dazzlingly complex theoretical models of the welfare effects of patents, I’ve never been convinced that there is a satisfactory, empirically tested hypothesis demonstrating the optimal length of a patent. (Actually, I don’t think there ever will be. We don’t actually know how much money is spent on patent litigation, which would be necessary data for such a test.)

Nevertheless, the benefit of such negotiated agreements is that the parties with the best information decide the strength of the patent, not courts or government agencies. That, in itself, is a good sign that it improves public welfare.

Ref.:

Abboud, Sheila. 2006. “Branded Drugs Settling More Generic Suits,” Wall Street Journal, January 17, p. B1.

One DC truism is that the most dangerous place to be in Washington is between Senator Charles Schumer and a camera. With that as our point of departure, this news item:

Senator Charles Schumer has sent a letter to federal officials calling for more oversight of the tissue transplant industry and for a full accounting of how possibly tainted tissue may have ended up being used in patients. The New York Democrat said in a letter to the acting head of the Food and Drug Administration, Dr. Andrew von Eschenbach, that he was “deeply disturbed” by reports of a Brooklyn funeral home selling body parts without proper consent to a New Jersey firm, Biomedical Tissue Services, which then sold it to five other tissue banks. “There are so many unanswered questions,” Schumer said yesterday. “We’re turning the heat up on the specific cases and on how the industry is regulated. I would like the FDA to provide a full accounting of where the breakdown in the system occurred in each of these cases.”

Followed, of course, by the unfortunately inevitable “no comment” from the FDA.

Why unfortunate? Because the FDA is already on these gravediggers (the FDA in October issued a letter recalling the tissue, saying it was improperly screened) and the right and appropriate comment would have been something like, “We aim to pursue these people with everything we’ve got” — or something to that effect. Because, truth be told, both FDA’s resources and authority are limited.

Mr. Schumer said he also wanted to see more FDA oversight of the estimated $1 billion tissue bank industry, which he said in the letter “is especially subject to impropriety due to the profitability of tissue trade.” Well, amen to that. Rather than allowing Senator Schumer to grab some quick headlines with an FDA-bashing story, the agency should applaud his call for greater resources and authority — and then ask him to make it happen.

I’m sure the senior Senator from New York wouldn’t mind sharing the spotlight.

Yeah, sure.

The FD&C Act clearly gives the FDA the authority to decide whether or not a product, when used properly, is safe, effective, and properly labeled. As former FDA chief counsel (and my former colleague) Dan Troy said, “You want the FDA to have the last word if you believe in the FDA’s expertise.”

I, for one, believe that a product, used as described in FDA-approved labeling, should be considered safe and effective throughout the United States. And a majority of Americans are of the same opinion. According to the most recent AP poll on the matter, over 3/4 of Americans have confidence in the FDA.

Others disagree — most notably trial lawyers. Quoted in the Wall Street Journal, Thomas R. Kline, a plaintiffs’ attorney with Kline & Specter (a “key player,” according to The Journal, in Vioxx litigation), “If the proposed changes were to be enacted, drug-product safety in the US would suffer a major setback at a time when the conduct of pharmaceutical companies and the FDA have been called into question.”

But consider this, comprehensive studies by the Rand Corporation and others demonstrate that only a small fraction of lawsuits that result in settlement payments or jury verdicts actually involve low-quality care. Rather, the hallmark of big awards is bad outcomes.

Unjustly, only a small fraction of patients who are injured negligently get compensation. And when they do, most of it goes to lawyers and the very high costs of administering our inefficient, unfair, broken system. The system needs to change so that it will deter bad care, not reward bad lawyers.

When public health is put before private gain, tort law and the lawyers who practice it play a very important role in protecting and enhancing America’s health. Tort law, appropriately applied, helps patients get redress for truly negligent care. When product manufacturers provide fraudulent information to the FDA, or deliberately withhold information about safety problems associated with their products, they should be held accountable. The dedicated members of our legal profession have always provided, and continue to provide, vital protection against those who would prey on consumers or intentionally try to pass off harmful products. The threat of litigation can be an important disincentive to many predatory behaviors.

The problem is that the current liability system doesn’t reward lawyers who focus on these real public health concerns. Instead, the most experienced and well-financed law firms know that the biggest payouts regularly go to those who take advantage of the FDA’s best efforts to promote the safe and effective use of medications. More and more often, these “mass tort” firms specialize in taking a new product-warning label or withdrawal decision by the FDA and viewing it as a signal to go forward with all guns blazing. Their bullets, unfortunately but not unpredictably, hit multiple innocent targets and result in a wounded American health-care system. These lawyers who hold up pharmaceutical DTC advertising as an example of inappropriate behavior by industry have no similar compunction about using DTC ambulance-chasing commercials for their own nefarious purposes.

But that’s another issue for another time.

The FDA has the authority, the ability, the means, the mission, and the mandate to manage the health care risks and benefits inherent in the products it regulates on behalf of the American public.

In the latest New England Journal of Medicine, Professor Wayne Ray and Mr. C. Michael Stein further develop a proposal for an independent drug safety board. Along with many editorialists in medical journals, they fear that the pharmaceutical companies have way too much influence over the FDA.

If so, that would be in accord with the notion of “regulatory capture” (a facet of the economic school of public choice theory) whereby companies in regulated industries take control of their regulators, causing them to confuse corporate interests with the public interest. Obviously, drug companies would attempt to take over the FDA, but I don’t see evidence that they have succeeded.

Ray & Stein point to PDUFA (the Prescription Drug User Fee Act), which critics contend turn the industry into the FDA’s customer, because the agency now relies on revenues from industry rather than just taxation for its existence and meaning. However, the FDA is a government monopoly. Drug companies must pay the user fees if they hope to sell their meds in the U.S. They can’t shop around for a better licensing body. So, it is incorrect to describe the drug companies as customers.

Furthermore, although the FDA has sped up its approvals as a result of PDUFA, it is still very slow and inefficient. In a recent paper I argued that the FDA, despite improving its timeliness, is grossly unproductive versus the British regulator, for example, in determining safety and efficacy.

Ray & Stein’s proposal has both good and bad elements, but I’d like to address its Achilles’ heel: that this new regulator will be funded solely by pharmaceutical sales. Many people confuse “independent” with “taxpayer funded”, but this is not the case. The more likely result is “unaccountable”, not independent.

In either the status quo or Ray & Stein’s proposal, the drug company (or, ultimately, the prescription buyer) finances the agency. However, under PDUFA, only drug makers with confidence in their new products pony up for the FDA’s review. There is some transparency between input and outcome. Under Ray & Stein’s proposal, companies’ pipelines are irrelevent because sales taxes are obviously levied on already approved products. If pipelines are full, but current sales weak, we’ll get no timely approvals. If pipelines are empty but current sales booming, we’ll get a bunch of regulators twiddling their thumbs on the taxpayers’ dime. (You can bet they’re not going to lay themselves off!)

References:

Graham, JR. 2005. A Lethal Guardian: The Canadian Government’s Ban on Prescription Drugs. Vancouver, BC: The Fraser Institute.

Ray, WA, & CM Stein. 2006. “Reform of Drug Regulation - Beyond an Independent Drug Safety Board,” New England Journal of Medicine 354, 2 (January 12): 194-201.

Bob Goldberg versus the Luddites. See below. Most current Vegas line is Goldberg 3-to-1 over Luddites.

Recently the FDA announced a new and better way to establish drug safety that solves a one of the more serious problems in drug development, namely that animal studies are often a poor and inaccurate substitute for what happens in human. For example, aspirin causes birth defects in mice but failed to do so in thalidomide. Penicillin failed to work in rabbits and was used in a sick patient as a last resort. Molecular genetics have allowed scientists to take microdoses of drugs and model the pharmacokinetics of a drug — how well the body will absorb, metabolize and get rid of a drug — with amazing accuracy — and the FDA has established a process for using these results gleaned from a small group of patients, rather than a less reliable animal studies, as a starting point for taking drugs through development.

Leave it to the feckless media to let the Luddites have the last word though without putting their reactionary perspective in context. Take for instance the article about the new approach in the LA Times … “Last time they speeded up the process of drug approval it led to the approval of lethal drugs,” said Vera Sharav of the Alliance for Human Research Protection, a patient advocacy group based in New York. “Now they are trying to fiddle around with the [earliest phase of] trials? Those, by definition, are the highest-risk.”

The FDA already has a system for accelerated approval of drugs that show promise in the course of full clinical trials, said Dr. Sidney Wolfe of Public Citizen, a consumer advocacy group that frequently criticizes the FDA. He questioned whether the agency had a strong enough scientific argument for speeding the early stages of drug research.

Let it be noted, since the LA Times did not do so, that Vera Sharav works closely with the Scientologists of Tom Cruise fame who believe that tuning into Thetans will cure all and that Sid Wolfe has opposed every effort to speed drugs to dying patients since he has been on his anti-patient jihad starting in 1970. According to a study conducted by MIT economist Ernst Berndt who looked at the impact of faster review times on patient health, there would be 50 fewer drugs on the market today if Sid Wolfe and his ilk had his way and those on the market would have taken 30 percent longer to reach patients. Wolfe has a self-interest in trashing new medicines since his organization makes money by hawking a book Worst Pills, Best Pills that argues the most drugs are dangerous.

Advances in diagnosis and treatment mean that a once deadly childhood blood cancer will soon be curable in nearly 90 percent of cases, experts report.

The use of gene-based diagnosis and treatment, more effective use of existing drugs, and the adoption of emerging disease-management strategies will continue to increase the cure rate for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), according to a report by researchers at St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, in Memphis, Tenn. In 1962, the cure rate for this disease was just 4 percent, they note.

This is terrific news, but unless and until insurance companies decide to reimburse for these tests only those with the means to pay out-of-pocket will benefit. And that’s shameful.

It’s really part of a bigger problem — insurance firms are willing to cover acute expenses, but panic over chronic care that, in the long term, would save trillions — and save lives.

If the folks running the big insurance companies think preventive genetic testing is expensive, they should compare it to the costs of the disease.

This announcement is what is called “stepping up to the plate.” Not a homerun — but a solid lead-off single.

FDA Issues Advice to Make Earliest Stages Of Clinical Drug Development More Efficient

The Food and Drug Administration today announced steps to advance the earliest phases of clinical research in the development of innovative medical treatments. FDA’s goal is to improve the process for bringing safe and effective drugs for potentially serious and life-threatening diseases, such as cancer, heart disease and neurological disorders, to the market.

In guidance documents released today, Exploratory IND Studies and INDs — Approaches to Complying with CGMP During Phase 1, the FDA lays out specific approaches for researchers who are planning to conduct very early clinical studies in people and offers approaches for performing appropriate safety testing and producing small amounts of drugs safely. In line with the aims of FDA’s Critical Path Initiative to modernize the drug development process, these changes will enable U.S. medical researchers to evaluate much more efficiently the promise of scientific advances discovered in their laboratories.

“Currently, nine out of ten experimental drugs fail in clinical studies because we cannot accurately predict how they will behave in people based on laboratory and animal studies,” said Health and Human Services Secretary Mike Leavitt. “The recommendations announced today will help more researchers conduct earlier, more-informed studies of promising treatments so patients have more rapid access to safer and more effective drugs.”

The Exploratory IND Studies guidance will facilitate very early exploratory scientific studies in people before the standard safety studies (phase 1) begin. Because only small amounts of drugs are used in these early studies, they represent fewer potential risks for people in these trials. In the final version of the guidance Exploratory IND Studies, FDA makes recommendations about safety testing, manufacturing, and clinical approaches that can be used in these very early studies. The guidance explains how medical researchers can take full advantage of the flexibility built into existing regulations in the amount of data needed when asking the FDA龝 permission to proceed with such a study, enabling more rapid delivery of innovative products to patients.

“One of the biggest barriers research and academic institutions face is the ability to get discoveries made in the lab into clinical testing. The new Exploratory IND guidance emphasizes the flexibility available to researchers when conducting early clinical testing of these cutting-edge treatments,” said Andrew von Eschenbach, MD, Acting FDA Commissioner of Food and Drugs. “As we enter the era of personalized medicine, these exploratory approaches enable scientists to take full advantage of new technologies to target the development of more individualized therapies.”

In related draft guidance, INDs — Approaches to Complying with CGMP During Phase 1, the FDA outlines a suggested approach to complying with current good manufacturing practice (CGMP) requirements for drugs intended for use solely in phase 1 studies. With this new guidance and an accompanying regulation, FDA formally recognizes specific standards for the manufacture of small amounts of drug product for phase 1 studies and formulating an approach to cGMP compliance that is appropriate for the particular stage of drug development.

“The problem is that researchers conducting very early studies were required to follow the same manufacturing procedures as those companies that mass produce products for broad scale distribution,” said Janet Woodcock, MD, FDA Deputy Commissioner for Operations. “These requirements are so burdensome for early phase 1 studies that many leading medical research institutions have not been able to conduct these studies of discoveries made in their laboratories. Today, for the first time, medical researchers are getting specific advice from the FDA about how to safely prepare products for exploratory studies.”

The documents released today are part of FDA’s commitment to modernize existing CGMP regulations to streamline clinical development. These efforts are part of the Agency’s Critical Path Initiative, launched in a March 2004. The goal of the Critical Path Initiative is to reduce the time and resources expended on candidate products that are unlikely to succeed, by creating new tools to distinguish earlier in the process those candidates that hold promise.

Who’d have thought there was a parallel between the illegal piracy of prescription medicines into the U.S. and a soft drink? The Wall Street Journal reports on Coca-Cola’s campaign to prevent Mexican bottlers from shipping their Coke into the U.S. This is not fake Coke, but it is exported in violation of distribution agreements into which those bottlers voluntarily entered, that restricted them to territories in Mexico. Obviously, Coca-Cola’s U.S. bottlers are upset.

In an interesting twist, the Mexican Coke is actually more expensive than the U.S. Coke, apparently because it contains cane sugar instead of corn syrup, and is sold in the old, curvy bottles instead of cans. Nevertheless, Coca-Cola wants to stop the trade because it earns a larger share of the wholesale price (versus the bottlers) in the U.S. than in Mexico.

Coca-Cola has successfully prosecuted cases of this illegal trade in its trademarked product. Coca-Cola’s enforcing its property rights is uncontroversial in America, where we believe that the inventor of a product has the right to decide how it’s sold.

Except, of course, when it comes to prescription drugs, where California Governor Schwarzenegger is the latest politician to advocate international prescription piracy. Once again we see the hypocrisy of American politicians who advocate using government power against research-based drug makers, by destroying a legal right enjoyed by competitors in all other industries.

See: Chad Terhune, “U.S. Thirst for Mexican Cola Poses Sticky Problem for Coke”, Wall Street Journal, January 11, 2005, p. 1.

If you like EuroDisney then you’re gonna love Euro-DTC.

Advertising restriction represents a health hazard

By Jacob Arfwedson and Alberto Mingardi

The Financial Times, January 10, 2006

Patients want more information. With ageing populations and higher
standards of living, patients’ concern for their future drives a growing supply of information in various forms. Television programmes, books and newspapers and the internet focusing on health are proliferating at terrific speed. But the advertising of prescription drugs is banned across the European Union through a directive dating from 1992 that restricts such pluralism in the supply of information.

Some individual EU member states are even more tightly regulated. In
France, any information supplied direct to the public by manufacturers
is considered to be advertising, while Italy bans the advertising of
prescribed medicines. Hence, health consumers depend predominantly on
their family doctors for information concerning new therapies and
products.

Although it is generally agreed that freedom of information is
beneficial to consumers, pharmaceutical advertising is considered too
dangerous to be handled by the primary constituency: health consumers.
Nevertheless, recent surveys in EU countries, such as the
Populus/Stockholm Network survey of 2004, show that patients
increasingly want more influence over their treatment and drugs.
Patients may care deeply about equality of access, but healthcare
systems are finding it hard to cope with the consumer approach to
services that have so far been managed through waiting lists and the
shifting priorities of political expediency. The situation has become
more complex with recent European Court of Justice rulings that EU
member states must reimburse patients for treatment in other countries
if their national health service is unable to meet demand.

In order to be interested in any product, consumers need first to be
aware that such a thing is available. This is why entrepreneurs and
companies invest in communication and marketing. Companies like
advertising because it alerts consumers to their products, but this does not mean it is not also providing information. Entrepreneurs are well aware information is an essential factor of production.

However, there are many objections when prescription drugs are involved. A common claim is: “Drugs are not like other products.” In fact, drugs are exactly like other products to the extent that they are produced in order to fulfil a need. It is also said that “drugs are dangerous”. True, but so are any number of products that are handled without proper information and advice. Automobiles are highly dangerous and expensive. Hence, purchasing a new car involves consumer cost-benefit analysis,including of safety features. Indeed, this is literally an issue of life and death. Advertising is one important source of information among others, but that does not mean consumers will buy a new car only because they have seen an advertisement.

Another objection is that “advertising downplays safety.” In
justification of strict government regulations, producers are regularly accused of stressing the benefits and minimising the risks associated with their products. But an important difference is that companies suffer immediate sanctions through financial loss if they neglect their consumers, unlike bureaucrats whose income does not depend directly on their services. In addition, this view assumes that companies are the sole providers of information, whereas pluralism demands a much wider array of suppliers. The fact that publishers rely on advertising does not imply that books are getting positive reviews.

It would be no more useful in terms of consumer information to condemn
advertising in principle than it would be to cite possible deficiencies of campaign materials as evidence of manipulation of voters in democratic elections. Only a competitive market for health consumer information (including patient and consumer organisations and companies) can improve choice for individuals.

Advertising practices for prescription drugs, where authorised,
certainly leave room for improvement, but this is more a question of
reviewing regulations to make more information available to consumers
than of tightening restrictions. The basic issue remains the free access to information, commercial or otherwise, for the benefit of health consumers as sovereign decision-makers. In this context, the EU ban on advertising is a big obstacle to the quest for more and better information on medicines.

Jacob Arfwedson is associate researcher at the Institut Economique
Molinari (Brussels) and Alberto Mingardi is executive director of the
Istituto Bruno Leoni (Milan)

According to a story in today’s Chicago Sun-Times, Illinois resident Craig Schmidt ordered two prescription drugs over the Internet. Relevant Fact: He ordered them without a doctor’s prescription. Actually, to be more precise, he got an “on-line” prescription. They came in the mail and he took them

What was the next thing he remembers?

“Waking up in Elmhurst Hospital two weeks later,” he testified Monday in his lawsuit in U.S. District Court.

Schmidt suffered brain damage after taking Xanax and Ultram,
anti-anxiety drugs that depress the central nervous system, said his
attorney, Edmund J. Scanlan.

Had the doctors followed the recommended guidelines of the American
Medical Association and the laws in most states, they would not
prescribe medicine over the Internet without examining patients and
getting their medical histories.

But Schmidt found, as have countless other Internet users, how easy it
is to order drugs online with only perfunctory completion of a questionnaire, Scanlan said. Illinois is among the minority of states with no law against prescribing drugs over the Internet, according to the Federation of State Medical Boards’ Dallas-based National Clearinghouse on Internet Prescribing.

Since 1999, Illinois has suspended the licenses of three doctors and
issued a cease-and-desist order against a pharmacy dispensing drugs over the Internet. But that was before Governor “Wrong-Way” Rod Blagojevich went on his crusade for foreign drugs — sending Illinois residents the signal that it’s not only okay but preferrable to order prescription drugs over the Internet from foreign sources.

Actions have consequences. And Governor Blagojevich should be considered an unindicted co-conspirator.